The expansion of urban centers and the anthropogenic activities within them are an immense source of various airborne pollutants. Finally, we briefly explore the interplay between plant-microbe interactions and global change in terms of community ecology processes. In short, we highlight promising research findings hinting at roles of plant-microbe interactions in (1) contributing to the remediation of urban pollution, (2) impacting plant species range shifts, and (3) improving plant host adaptation to harsher abiotic conditions. Although we do not discuss here the impacts of synthetic chemicals (e.g., pesticides, pharmaceuticals) and biologicals (i.e., medicines grown and purified from large-scale cell cultures of bacteria or yeast, or plant or animal cells), these products influence plant-microbe interactions thus warranting more research effort on this important topic. Our discussion is structured around three key topics: urbanization, range shifts, and changing climate (i.e., rising temperatures and drought). In this review, we summarize evidence of the role of plant-microbe interactions for host survival and fitness in the context of global change, with a particular focus on phyllosphere microbiota. Biodiversity and function losses are threatening ecosystems and their inhabitants, including humans. These findings stress the importance of understanding the mechanisms that could allow host-microbe interactions to drive the adaptation of terrestrial ecosystems to global change.Ī striking trademark of the Anthropocene is the fact that most biomes have now been perturbed due to direct habitat modifications and indirect effects of global change on abiotic conditions. Furthermore, positive correlations have been found between the diversity of tree-associated microbiota and ecosystem productivity, and decreases in diversity have been correlated with disease state and disease propagation. Leaf-associated microorganisms have also been shown to influence host fitness and growth, resilience to abiotic stresses, and resistance to pathogens. Among the beneficial impacts of plant-microbe interactions, many studies have demonstrated the role of root microbiota in promoting plant growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant microorganisms are further defined by host species, compartment, and tissue location. 1A) involve a great variety of microbes from multiple kingdoms. Although microbes have mainly been studied for their role as pathogens, advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques have rapidly improved our understanding of the beneficial roles of microbes for hosts and ecosystems. Microorganisms represent a massive diversity, colonizing soil, plants, and animals. This loss of biodiversity will alter the delivery of ecosystem services that are crucial for human population health worldwide. For example, land-use change has been forecasted to cause major losses of habitat leading to the imperilment of thousands of species. Moreover, the intensification of anthropogenic activities has accelerated the impact of urbanization, land-use change, and pollution, modifying dramatically both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The Earth is undergoing radical changes such as habitat loss, rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration, increased frequency of extreme weather events, global warming, and higher risk of drought.
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Finally, we discuss how key community ecology processes could drive plant-microbe interactions facing challenges of the Anthropocene. We highlight evidence that plant-microbe interactions (1) improve urban pollution remediation through the degradation of pollutants such as ultrafine particulate matter, black carbon, and atmospheric hydrocarbons, (2) have contrasting impacts on plant species range shifts through the loss of symbionts or pathogens, and (3) drive plant host adaptation to drought and warming. Here, we review how plant-microbe interactions in the phyllosphere can influence host survival and fitness in the context of global change. Plant-microbe interactions in the phyllosphere have been shown to support plant growth and increase host resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Microorganisms represent an important reservoir of biodiversity that can influence macro-organisms as they face habitat loss, rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration, pollution, global warming, and increased frequency of drought. In this era, terrestrial ecosystems are experiencing perturbations linked to direct habitat modifications as well as indirect effects of global change on species distribution and extreme abiotic conditions. Global change is a defining feature of the Anthropocene, the current human-dominated epoch, and poses imminent threats to ecosystem dynamics and services such as plant productivity, biodiversity, and environmental regulation.